Langkah-langkah Mengubah Kalimat Langsung Menjadi Kalimat Tak Langsung

The steps to change Direct Speech into Reported Speech.
Langkah-langkah dalam mengubah kalimat langsung ke dalam kalimat tak langsung.

I. Statement (kalimat berita)
a) Without backshift ( tanpa ubah-ke-lampau)
Biasanya diucapkan untuk mengulangi apa yang baru saja didengar untuk disampaikan kepada orang lain yang ingin tahu atau kurang mendengar dengan jelas apa yang baru saja diucapkan seseorang. Berciri-ciri mempunyai induk kalimat pembuka berkata kerja kini seperti :He says …, She says …, You say …, They say…, we say…, it says…, Mario Teguh says…, etc; maka langkah-langkahnya:
1. Perhatikan siapa yang berbicara (dan kepada siapa)
2. Ubah pronoun (baik subjective, objective maupun possessive) dan possessive adjective yang terdapat dalam kalimat langsung (yang ada dalam tanda kutip) sesuaikan dengan “siapa yang berbicara (dan kepada siapa)”
3. Ubah verb sesuaikan dengan subjective pronoun yang telah diubah (khusus untuk kalimat present tense baik simple, continuous maupun perfect; selain itu tidak usah diubah)
4. Tidak usah diberi tanda koma (,) atau tanda kutip (“…” atau ‘…’)
5. Ingat berilah tanda titik (.) di akhir kalimat.

Contoh soal:
He says,”I love my parents.”
1. Yang berbicara: He
Kepada: siapa saja.
2. “I love my parents.” He love his parents
3. He loves his parents
4. He says he loves his parents
5. He says he loves his parents.

b) Backshift (dengan ubah-ke-lampau)
Untuk melaporkan kembali apa yang telah diucapkan seseorang berupa kalimat berita dan jaraknya sudah cukup lama (beberapa menit yang lalu, sekian jam yang lalu, kemarin, dsb.). Berciri-ciri mempunyai induk kalimat pembuka berkata kerja lampau seperti: He said…, She said…, You said…, they said…, we said, my mother said…, etc.; maka langkah-langkahnya:
1. Perhatikan siapa yang berbicara (dan kepada siapa)
2. Ubah pronoun (baik subjective, objective maupun possessive) dan possessive adjective yang terdapat dalam kalimat langsung (yang ada dalam tanda kutip) sesuaikan dengan “siapa yang berbicara (dan kepada siapa)”
3. Ubah verb ke dalam bentuk yang lebih lampau. Berikut table perubahannya:
Simple present --> simple past
Present continuous --> past continuous
Present perfect --> past perfect
Present perfect continuous --> past perfect continuous
Simple past --> past perfect
Past continuous --> Past perfect continuous
Past perfect --> past perfect
Past perfect continuous --> Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Future --> Past Future
Future Continuous --> Past Future Continuous
Future Perfect --> Past Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous --> Past Future Continuous
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Simple present
He said,”I am happy”
He said,”I do my homework.” Simple past
He said (that) he was happy.
He said (that) he did his homework.
Present continuos
He said, ”I am swimming.”
He said, “they are studying.” Past Continuous
He said that he was swimming.
He said that they were studying.
Present perfect
He said, “I have done it.”
He said, “She has done it.” Past perfect
He said that he had done it.
He said that she had done it.
Present perfect continuous
He said, “I have been doing it for one hour.”
He said, “She has been doing it for one hour.” Past perfect continuous
He said that he had been doing it for one hour.
He said that she had been doing it for one hour.
Simple past
He said, “I was happy there.”
They said, ”we were so naughty.”

He said, “I did it.”
They said, “We did it.” Past perfect
He said that he had been happy there.
They said that they had been so naughty.
He said that he had done it.
They said that they had done it.
Past continuous
She said, “I was swimming.”
They said, “They were watching TV.” Past perfect continuous
She said that she had been swimming.
They said that they had been watching TV.
Past perfect
She said, “She had done it.” Past perfect
She said that she had done it.
Past perfect continuous
He said, “I had been doing it long (before she came).” Past perfect continuous
He said that he had been doing it long (before she came).
Simple future
He said, “I will do it.” Past future
He said that he would do it.
Future continuous
He said, “I will be doing my homework.” Past future continuous
He said that he would be doing his homewok.
Future perfect
He said, “I will have done it.” Past future perfect
He said that he would have done it.
Future perfect continuous
He said, “I will have been doing my homework for one hour.” Past future continuous
He said that he would have been doing his homework for one hour.”

4. Ubah keterangan waktu ke waktu yang lebih lampau. Berikut table perubahannya:
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Now Then
Today That day
Yesterday The day before
Last week The week before
Next year The following year
Tomorrow The next day/ the following day

5. Ubah keterangan tempat bila perlu: kalau tempat yang digunakan pembicara awal sama dengan pembicara pelapor, maka tidak perlu diganti; namun kalau tempat yang digunakan pembicara awal tidak sama dengan pembicara pelapor, maka perlu diganti. Berikut table perubahannya:
Direct Speech Reported Speech
Here There
In this place In that place


6. Tidak usah diberi tanda koma (,) atau tanda kutip (“…” atau ‘…’)
7. Ingat berilah tanda titik (.) di akhir kalimat.

II. Questions (Kalimat Tanya)
a. With interrogative words (8w+1h)
Yaitu kalimat langsung yang berupa kalimat Tanya dengan menggunakan kata-kata Tanya what, which, who, whom, whose, where, when, why, how. Langkah-langkah dalam mengubah ke kalimat tak langsung adalah:
1. Tetap perhatikan siapa yang bertanya (dan kepada siapa)
2. Langsung sambung kalimat pembuka dengan kata tanyanya.
3. a) Kalau kalimat tanya itu menggunakan kata kerja to be (is, am, are, was, were) tukar tempat dengan subjectnya; begitu pula kalau terdapat dua kata kerja (kata kerja bantu dan kata kerja utama), tukar tempat subject dengan kata kerja bantunya lalu sambung dengan sisa katanya
b) Kalau kalimat tanya itu menggunakan kata kerja bantu do, does, did maka ‘buang’ kata kerja bantu tersebut dan langsung sambung dengan subjectnya lalu sambung dengan sisa katanya.
4. Ubah pronoun atau possessivenya sesuai dengan siapa yang bertanya dan kepada siapa.
5. Ubah kata kerjanya sesuai kaidah.
6. Ubah kata kerjanya ke bentuk lebih lampau (khusus untuk kata kerja to be—is, am, are—sesuaikan dengan subjectnya)
7. Ubah kata keterangan waktu ke waktu yang lebih lampau
8. Ubah kata keterangan tempat kalau memang perlu bergantung posisi ketika berbicara.
9. Tidak perlu pakai tanda koma (,) maupun tanda kutip (“”/’’) dan akhiri dengan tanda titik(.) BUKAN DENGAN tanda Tanya (?)
Contoh:
a) He asked me, “Where are you now?”
b) He asked me, “Where can I pay the money?”
c) He asked my brother, “Where do you study?”
Jawab:
a) He asked me, “Where are you now?”
1. Yang bertanya: He (=him/his/ his)
Kepada: me (=I/my/mine)
2. He asked me where
3. He asked me where you are now
4. He asked me where I am now
5. He asked me where I was now
6. He asked me where I was then
7. He asked me where he was then.

b) He asked me, “Where can I pay the money this morning?”
1. Yang bertanya: He (=him/his/his)
Kepada: me (=I/my/ mine)
2. He asked me where
3. He asked me where I can pay the money
4. He asked me where he can pay the money
5. He asked me where he could pay the money this morning
6. He asked me where he could pay the money that morning
7. He asked me where he could pay the money that morning.

c) He asked my brother, “Where do you study?”
1. Yang bertanya: He (=him/his/his)
Kepada: my brother (=he/him/his)
2. He asked my brother where
3. He asked my brother where you study
4. He asked my brother where he studies
5. He asked my brother where he studied
6. He asked my brother where he studied.

b. Without interrogative words (Yes/ No questions)
Yaitu kalimat langsung yang berupa kalimat Tanya tanpa 8w+1h alias kalimat Tanya yang berjawaban Yes or No. langkah-langkah dalam mengubah ke kalimat tak langsung :
1. Selalu perhatikan siapa yang bertanya (dan kepada siapa)
2. Langsung sambung kalimat pembukanya dengan if atau whether
3. a) Kalau kalimat tanya itu menggunakan kata kerja to be (is, am, are, was, were) tukar tempat dengan subjectnya; begitu pula kalau terdapat dua kata kerja (kata kerja bantu dan kata kerja utama), tukar tempat subject dengan kata kerja bantunya lalu sambung dengan sisa katanya
b) Kalau kalimat tanya itu menggunakan kata kerja bantu do, does, did maka ‘buang’ kata kerja bantu tersebut dan langsung sambung dengan subjectnya lalu sambung dengan sisa katanya.
4. Ubah pronoun atau possessivenya sesuai dengan siapa yang bertanya dan kepada siapa.
5. Ubah kata kerjanya sesuai kaidah.
6. Ubah kata kerjanya ke bentuk lebih lampau (khusus untuk kata kerja to be—is, am, are—sesuaikan dengan subjectnya)
7. Ubah kata keterangan waktu ke waktu yang lebih lampau
8. Ubah kata keterangan tempat kalau memang perlu bergantung posisi ketika berbicara.
9. Tidak perlu pakai tanda koma (,) maupun tanda kutip (“”/’’) dan akhiri dengan tanda titik(.) BUKAN DENGAN tanda Tanya (?)

Contoh:
a. He asked me, “Are you happy now?”
b. I asked my sister, “Have you bought the sugar?”
c. He asked her, “Did you sleep well last night?”
Jawaban.
a. He asked me, “Are you happy now?”
1. Yang berbicara: He; kepada: me
2. He asked me whether
3. He asked me whether you are happy now
4. He asked me whether I am happy now
5. He asked me whether I was happy now
6. He asked me whether I was happy then
7. He asked me whether I was happy then.

b. I asked my sister, “Have you bought the sugar?”
1. Yang berbicara: I (=me/ my/ mine) ; kepada: my sister (=she/ her/ her/ hers)
2. I asked my sister if
3. I asked my sister if you have bought the sugar
4. I asked my sister if she has bought the sugar
5. I asked my sister if she had bought the sugar
6. I asked my sister if she had bought the sugar.

c. He asked her, “Did you sleep well last night?”
1. Yang berbicara: He (=him/ his/ his); kepada: her (=she/ her/ hers)
2. He asked her whether
3. He asked her whether you slept well last night
4. He asked her whether she slept well last night
5. He asked her whether she had slept well last night
6. He asked her whether she had slept well the night before
7. He asked her whether she had slept well the night before.

III. Request
Mengubah kalimat langsung menjadi tak langsung untuk jenis kalimat ini adalah sangat mudah sekali. Tambahkan saja kata to untuk positive request dan no to untuk negative request. Tidak perlu mengubah bentuk kata kerja. Kalimat pembukanya biasanya menggunakan kata told.
a) Positive request (command)
1. Tulis kalimat pembukanya lalu sambungkan dengan to.
2. Lanjut dengan kata kerjanya dan sisa kata lainnya.
3. Perhatikan barangkali ada pronoun (subjectives atau possessives) yang perlu disesuaikan.
4. Beri titik di akhir kalimat.
Contoh:
He told me, “Call me later.”
1. He told me to
2. He told me to call me later
3. He told me to call him later
4. He told me to call him later.

b) Negative request (prohibition)
1. Tulis kalimat pembukanya lalu sambungkan dengan not to.
2. “Buang” kata do sebelum not dan sambung dengan kata kerjanya lalu sisa kata lainnya
3. Perhatikan barangkali ada pronoun (subjectives atau possessives) yang perlu disesuaikan.
4. Beri titik di akhir kalimat.
Contoh:
He told me, “Don’t call me later.”
1. He told me not to
2. He told me not to call me later
3. He told me not to call him later
4. He told me to call him later.

SMP BP Vocabulary Mastery Programme

Hi all the 7th-graders of SMP Bhakti Pertiwi!!!
There is an assignment for you to complete.

How to do it?

Just Download this file and learn
http://www.scribd.com/doc/62551890/2365-classified-words

(in order to be able to download the file, you have to log in first. If you don't have the account, you can log in with your facebook account)

Then... download the assignment template file at http://www.scribd.com/doc/62551956/Vocabulary-Exercise-on-Irregular-Verbs


Complete the assignment well. Afterward, send your completed assignment in the form of soft copy to muladi77@gmail.com


the deadline: 5 November 2011.

We will mark your assignment and the mark will be added to your English score in your 1st semester progress report.

For further information you can call me at 085336699291

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Features of Poem

poem

/ˈpəʊ.ɪm//ˈpoʊ.əm/ n [C]

a piece of writing in which the words are arranged in separate lines, often ending in rhyme, and are chosen for their sound and for the images and ideas they suggest

rhythm

/ˈrɪð.əm/ n

•

[C or U] a strong pattern of sounds, words or musical notes which is used in music, poetry and dancing

 

rhyme

/raɪm/ n

•

[C] a word which has the same last sound as another word

poetry

ˈpəʊ.ɪ.tri//ˈpoʊ.ə-/ n [U]

•

poems in general as a form of literature

 

figure of speech

n [C] (plural figures of speech)

an expression which uses words to mean something different from their ordinary meaning

syllable

/ˈsɪl.ə.bl ̩/ n [C]

a single unit of speech, either a whole word or one of the parts into which a word can be separated, usually containing a vowel

 

stanza

/ˈstæn.zə/ n [C]

a group of lines of poetry forming a unit; verse

 

line

/laɪn/ n

•

[C] a row of words that form part of a text

 

simile

/ˈsɪm.ɪ.li/ n [C or U]

(the use of) an expression comparing one thing with another, always including the words `as' or `like'

 

 

metaphor

/ˈmet.ə.fɔːr//ˈmet ̬.ə.fɔːr/ n [C or U]

an expression which describes a person or object in a literary way by referring to something that is considered to have similar characteristics to the person or object you are trying to describe

 

onomatopoeia

/ˌɒn.əʊ ˌmæt.əˈpiː.ə//ˌɑː.noʊˌmæt ̬.oʊ-/ n [U] specialized

the creation and use of words which include sounds that are similar to the noises that the words refer to

Hidden Sadness the Song Lyric

by Muladi77

Are you happy with yourself?
Beyond I see you blue and no clues
Can you share the burden within?
It seems so hard and painful
that your tear can't flow
Is it frozen? oh no
where're the twinkling eyes
You used to show


Though you say, "I am Okay."
But from your eyes I can see you lie
Fine, fine, fine!
I won't go deeper to you.
Mind, mind, mind
you don't slip the way you through
My prayer is for you.

Good luck friend, I just wanna say

(Reff):
Heavy or light something you keep inside
It must be the way for you to crack it all
Just remember, nothing is impossible
Nothing is impossible for Allah
Keep the faith, keep on hoping
Keep on hoping, whatever the good things you hope
Long or short way to go
It'll come true just in time (just in time)
May everything will be alright
May you will do the things right
and the bright light will shine on you.
and the dark side will be away

Some Verbs Related to Parts of the Body

A) HANDS
- HOLD = memegang; menahan
- TAKE = mengambil; membawa (dari sini ke sana)
- PUT = meletakkan; menaruh
- CARRY = mengangkut; menjinjing
- BRING = membawa (dari sana ke sini)
- WRITE = menulis
- DRAW = menggambar
- ERASE = menghapus
- PUSH = mendorong
- PULL = menarik
- PLAY = bermain; memainkan
- RUB = menggosok; mengelus
- PRESS = menekan; memampatkan
- SLAP = menampar
- THROW = melempar
- CATCH = menangkap
- GRAB = meraih (dengan kasar/ cepat)
- TICKLE = menggelitik
- SCRATCH = menggaruk; menggosok
- WAVE = melambai
- PUNCH = meninju
- CUT = memotong
- CHOP = mencincang
- SLICE = mengiris (tipis)
- SMASH = menyemes (bola)
- SQUEEZE = memeras
- WASH = mencuci
- CLEAN = membersihkan
- SWEEP = menyapu
- MOP = mengepel

B) LEGS AND FEET
- KICK = menendang
- WALK = berjalan
- RUN = berlari
- TIPTOE = berjinjit; mengendap-endap
- JUMP = meloncat
- HOP = melompat-lompat
- STEP = melangkah, STEP ON= menginjak
- TAP-DANCE = Menari tap

C) EYES
- SEE = melihat
- LOOK AT = memandang pada (suatu benda/hal tertentu)
- LOOK FOR = mencari
- LOOK INTO = menyelidiki
- OBSERVE = mengobservasi
- MONITOR = memonitor; mengawasi
- SUPERVISE = mengawasi
- WATCH = menonton (TV); mengawasi
- STARE (AT) = melotot (pada)
- PEEP (AT) = mengintip
- BLINK = berkedip; mengedip
- WINK = berkedip sebelah mata
- DROP TEARS = meneteskan air mata

D) EARS
- HEAR = mendengar
- LISTEN = mendengarkan (memusatkan pendengaran pada suatu bunyi/suara tertentu)
- EAVESDROP = menguping
- OVERHEAR = mendengar pembicaraan orang lain secara tidak sengaja.

E) NOSE
- SMELL = 1) berbau, 2) mencium bau
- INHALE = tarik napas
- EXHALE = buang napas; menghela napas
- BREATHE = bernapas
- SNEEZE = bersin

F) MOUTH (LIPS, TEETH, TONGUE, VOCAL CHORDS)
- SPEAK = berbicara
- EAT = makan
- CRUNCH = mengunyah
- MUNCH = mengunyah
- CHEW = mengunyah
- TASTE = mencicipi (rasa makanan atau minuman)
- KISS = mencium
- SING = menyanyi; bernyanyi; menyanyikan
- TALK = berbicara
- YELL = berteriak
- CRY = (1) menangis, (2) berteriak
- MOCK = mengejek
- TELL = memberitahu; memberitahukan
- SAY = (1) berkata, (2) mengatakan

G) MIND (BRAIN)
- THINK = berpikir
- CONSIDER = mempertimbangkan
- DOUBT = meragukan (sesuatu)
- DREAM = bermimpi; memimpikan
- WISH = berharap
- REMEMBER = mengingat
- FORGET = (1) lupa, (2) melupakan
- MEMORIZE = menghapal
- IMAGINE = membayangkan
- ANALIYZE = menganalisa
- CONCLUDE = menyimpulkan
- ASSUME = berasumsi; mengasumsikan
- FEEL = merasa (emosi)
- CONCENTRATE = berkonsentrasi